(Download) "Sweat Testing for Heroin and Metabolites in a Heroin Maintenance Program (Drug Monitoring and Toxicology)" by Clinical Chemistry " eBook PDF Kindle ePub Free
eBook details
- Title: Sweat Testing for Heroin and Metabolites in a Heroin Maintenance Program (Drug Monitoring and Toxicology)
- Author : Clinical Chemistry
- Release Date : January 01, 1997
- Genre: Chemistry,Books,Science & Nature,
- Pages : * pages
- Size : 182 KB
Description
It has been long known that many drugs are excreted in sweat. Analysis of sweat for methadone was first reported in 1973 [1], but until recently no one developed a practical solution to the problem of collecting an adequate specimen for testing. Thermal [2] or pharmacological [3] stimulations were proposed to help subjects secrete an unusually large amount of sweat. Occlusive bandages consisting of one to three layers of filter paper [4] or pieces of cotton, gauze, or towel [5] were proposed for capturing sweat. Significant advances have been made in developing a sweat patch technology. One of the first applications of the sweat patch was to monitor alcohol consumption [6]. The sweat patch design in this approach occluded the skin, leading to skin irritation, alteration of the steady-state pH of the skin, and alteration of the species of bacteria that colonize the skin [7]. However, new nonocclusive wound dressings have been recently developed by Sudormed[TM] (Santa Ana, CA) and marketed by Pharmchem[TM] Labs. (Menlo Park, CA) under the name Pharm-Chek[TM]. The sweat patch acts as a specimen container for nonvolatile and liquid components of sweat, including drugs of abuse. A unique number imprinted on each patch aids with chain of custody and identification. Sweat components are collected on a special absorbent pad, located in the center of the patch. Nonvolatile substances from the environment cannot penetrate the transparent film--a semipermeable membrane over the pad that allows oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide to pass through the patch and leaves the skin beneath healthy. Worn over a period of several days, the pad becomes saturated with sweat and slowly concentrates it; drugs present in the sweat are retained. The collection pad has a surface of ~14 cm2 and collects at least 300 [micro]L per day of insensible perspiration in a 22[degrees]C environment. Exercise, higher temperatures, or other factors that increase sweating increase the amount of sweat collected.